![]() ![]() The declaration was never recognized by either the United States or Spain. Later at Malolos, Bulacan, the Malolos Congress modified the declaration upon the insistence of Apolinario Mabini who objected to that the original proclamation essentially placed the Philippines under the protection of the United States. 190 municipal presidents of different towns from 16 provinces- Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Bataan, Infanta, Morong, Tayabas, Pampanga, Pangasinan, Mindoro, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, La Union, and Zambales-ratified the Proclamation of Independence in Bacoor, Cavite. The proclamation of Philippine independence was, however, promulgated on August 1, when many towns had already been organized under the rules laid down by the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo. Despite his prior military experience, Johnson had no official role in the Philippines. Johnson, described as "a citizen of the U.S.A., a Colonel of Artillery". The final paragraph states that there was a "stranger" ( stranger in English translation- extranjero in the original Spanish, meaning foreigner) who attended the proceedings, Mr. The Declaration was signed by 98 people, among them a United States Army officer who witnessed the proclamation. The Act of the Declaration of Independence was prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista in Spanish. The event saw the unfurling of the flag of the Philippines, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza, and the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo, as the national anthem, now known as Lupang Hinirang, which was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the San Francisco de Malabon marching band. Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898, between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo some 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Manila. Navy agreed to transport him back aboard the USS McCulloch, and on May 19, he arrived in Cavite. Emilio Aguinaldo decided to return to the Philippines to help American forces defeat the Spaniards. On May 1, 1898, the United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay. In April 1898, at the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Commodore George Dewey aboard the USS Olympia sailed into Manila Bay leading the Asiatic Squadron of the U.S. In December 1897, the Spanish government and the revolutionaries signed a truce, the Pact of Biak-na-Bato, requiring that the Spanish pay the revolutionaries $ MXN800,000 and that Aguinaldo and other leaders go into exile in Hong Kong. In 1896, the Philippine Revolution began. Main articles: Philippine Revolution and History of the Philippines (1898–1946) ![]()
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